If possible, biomarker studies, such as HER2 overexpression, microsatellite instability by polymerase chain reaction, programmed death-ligand 1 immunohistochemical expression, or high tumor mutational burden by next-generation sequencing should be performed using EC tissue. Recently, many studies on effective targeted therapeutic agents for these tumors have been published, and it is thought that biomarkers from cancer tissues will be another predictor of prognoses, especially in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Among the anatomical characteristics of tumors in this area, the lymphatic drainage system is the best understood. This is because cancer surgery, which requires radical treatment, involves organ surgery and fighting against LNM.Īn area more than 5 cm from the cricopharyngeus to 2 cm below the esophagogastric (EG) junction corresponds to the scope of EC treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy). Surgical treatment of EC would have been relatively easy however, unfortunately, the complicated lymphatic pathway and nodal drainage pattern of the esophagus have made surgical treatment of EC difficult. Surgical treatment of all malignancies would not be difficult if there were no lymphatic metastases from the tumor. Regarding the prognosis of esophageal cancer (EC), lymph node metastasis (LNM) is the most important factor, and extensive studies have been conducted on the importance of lymph node (LN) dissection in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Considering the need for a prolonged discussion on 2-field lymph node dissection (2FD) and 3FD for the surgical treatment of LNMs in EC, ongoing studies were reviewed. Additionally, node skip metastasis was investigated, and its prognostic value was reviewed. In this review, I summarized the esophageal lymphatic system and LNMs patterns. The unique LNM pattern observed in EC is due to the dual embryological origin of the lymphatic pathways, both branchiogenic and from the body’s mesenchyme. There are 2 types of EC: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma however, the depth of invasion of these cells and lymph node metastases (LNMs) are more closely related to the patient’s prognosis than the histology. In South Korea, it was the 19th most common cancer in 2020, with 2,748 new cases and 1,564 deaths, and the 13th most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Esophageal cancer (EC) is the 7th most frequently diagnosed cancer and the 6th leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with 604,000 new cases and 544,000 deaths occurring worldwide in 2020.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |